Several countries (e.g., Denmark, Switzerland, and Canada) and jurisdictions (California, New York City, Baltimore, and Montgomery County, MD) have reduced or restricted the use of trans fats in … A “fat tax” is a type of Pigovian tax – a tax that is levied on legitimate market activity that produces negative consequences for society as a whole. In some countries, subdivisions are allowed to tax personal income in addition to the national government. Why Denmark of all places? The entire Kuwait gov has resigned 6. Fat Tax in India. Tax season could look a lot different this year because of the pandemic. An increasing number of cities and countries have begun taxing sugary beverages. Danish citizens are entitled to free or very low-cost childcare, education and healthcare. 1 2 Peru has announced plans to tax junk food, and other countries, notably Ireland, are also considering such taxes. This was called because in 2011, as the world's biggest online retailer, Amazon generated UK sales of £2.9bn yet paid only £1.8m in corporation tax. In a bid to prevent water waste, citizens of Maryland, USA, are charged every time they flush the toilet. 2835 Similar taxes such as cigarette taxes have been widely accepted and contributed to long-term fall in cigarette smoking rates . Mexico and Hungary aren’t the only places that have tried to curb obesity by taxing junk food. Other countries are playing “me too” or waiting to see the results of Denmark’s experiment. The newly elected Communist government has proposed a 14.5% “fat tax” on pizzas, burgers, tacos, sandwiches etc. In 2009, its government announced a major tax overhaul aimed at cushioning the shock of the global economic crisis, promoting renewable energy, protecting the environment, discouraging climate change, and improving health – all while maintaining revenues, of course. Sara Ali Khan, Disha Patani, Malaika Arora or Rakul Preet: Who Has The Best Abs In Bollywood. Public health practitioners and scholars in a range of different countries have called for a fat tax on unhealthy foods. There are precedents. Over the past couple of years soft drinks in the UK have undergone major ingredients changes, shrinking pack sizes, and rising prices. In Chicago (US), Britain and Mexico a tax on sugary drinks was imposed which aimed at fighting childhood obesity. But do these taxes actually work at getting people to make healthier decisions-and are they fair? The tax reforms make it more expensive to produce products likely to harm the environment and to consume products potentially harmful to health, specifically tobacco, ice cream, chocolate, candy, sugar-sweetened soft drinks, and foods containing saturated fats. Leaving aside the usual criticisms, such as the impact on poorer people, I have a different reason for being troubled by tax interventions. You pay income taxes throughout the year, usually with an employer deducting tax from each paycheck. Few people have broccoli on a daily basis. The authors claimed that the sale of fatty products fell by 10 to 15 per cent as a result of the tax and that the ‘intended effect on fat consumption appeared to have been achieved’. Its adult smoking rate is 19 per cent. A LOSSMAKER WITH FAT MARGINS. The humble samosa, dripping with 300 calories of deep-fried goodness, was just one hearty, yet unhealthy snack to cost a wee bit more. The new tax of 16 kroner ($2.90) per kilogram (2.2 pounds) of saturated fat in a product will be levied on foods like butter, milk, cheese, pizza, oils and meat. Kerala and Bihar's administrators are in fact following a growing list of countries that have declared war on junk food, by levying new taxes and restricting sale to certain consumers. Dozens of people have died in this war which started last Monday. Today, more and more evidence demonstrates the importance of food environment factors, such as processing, cost and marketing, in influencing food choices (The Lancet, DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60813-1). The newly elected Communist government has proposed a 14.5% “fat tax” on pizzas, burgers, tacos, sandwiches etc. Some may say a fat tax is regressive (takes a higher % of income from low-income families), but if other regressive taxes are reduced the overall impact on equality should be unchanged. Whether these amounts will discourage purchases remains to be seen. "my trainer said I have to have about 8 to 9% body fat for my muscles to show" Not sure that's good advice from her trainer. In the meantime, let us congratulate Denmark on what could be viewed as a revolutionary experiment. The scientific guide to a better Christmas dinner, How do mRNA coronavirus vaccines work? Surprisingly, given his party’s anti-nanny state platform, UK prime minister David Cameron is suggesting food taxes to counter the nation’s burgeoning obesity crisis. By Greg Miller 10.18.2019 Person 1 would only have $900 left after taxation while Person 2 would have $9,000. In October 2011, Denmark was the first country in the world that introduced a tax on meat, dairy products, animal fat, oils, margarine and butter blends with more than 2.3g of SFA per 100g. Denmark, where each cow will cost you up to $110 USD. The current form of Portugal officially became a kingdom in 1139. But not all foods that are high in fat are considered unhealthy, which may challenge the notion of imposing a blanket tax, some food policy experts said. In dollars, the taxes will add 12 cents to a bag of crisps and 40 cents to the price of a burger. Denmark has become the first country in the world to impose a "fat tax" on unhealthy foods. A growing number of European countries, including Denmark and France, have already imposed a tax on unhealthy food and drinks. The government thinks it will discourage people from eating more and more junk food citing that many other countries also have such taxes, that have proved successful. Led by Dr. Michele Gelfand, the team examined the relationship between what they call "cultural tightness" -- by which they mean countries that have strict social norms -- and the severity of COVID. Most countries that have or had a flat tax on personal income at the national level are former communist countries or islands. Neither Are Australian Cricketers, Sanjeeda Shaikh Looks Irresistible As She Flaunts Her Sexy Body In Latest Instagram Pictures. The move will place a surcharge on foods high in saturated fat. Recent studies have also provided us with a much better idea about the amount of broccoli that we need to lower our cancer risk. Kerala and Bihar's administrators are in fact following a growing list of countries that have declared war on junk food, by levying new taxes and restricting sale to certain consumers. The war had lasted for more than a decade We cover it below.) Denmark led the way by introducing a fat tax in 2011 on foods that have above 2.3% saturated fat. It has taxed candy for nearly 90 years, and was the first country to ban trans-fats in 2003. One country that has already seen a positive impact on public health from a junk food excise tax is Hungary. The UK is one of the few rich countries not to have … Mexico’s sales of unhealthy foods have fallena year after introducing an 8% tax on these foods, compared with no change in sales of un-taxed foods. First on board were Estonia's two Baltic neighbors, Lithuania and Latvia. Finance officials from more than 130 countries convened online Wednesday to resume negotiations over how best to make sure multinational companies don’t avoid taxation by shifting their activities and profits among countries. There will always be individual stories that have negative outcomes from any taxation proposal, but with a little work, a fat tax can be an equity neutral proposition that helps everyone eventually. Taxes on cigarettes are set high enough to discourage use, especially among young people. Despite such culinary riches, the Nordic nation reports enviable health statistics and a social support system beyond the wildest imagination of inhabitants of many countries. Some of these taxes took effect last July. In the past year Denmark has introduced a “fat tax,” Hungary a “junk food tax,” and France a tax on sweetened drinks. From local curfews to alcohol bans and complete lockdowns, governments are trying to tackle a surge in cases due to the new strain of COVID-19. Through the Salt Act 1882, Indians were prohibited from producing or selling salt independently, and instead Indians were required to buy expensive, heavily taxed salt that was often imported. Researchers have struggled to find any positive effect on health. Hungary has imposed a small tax on sweets, salty snacks, and sugary and caffeinated drinks and intends to use the revenues to offset healthcare costs. The first king, Afonso I, came to power in 1143. How other countries have tried to tackle the obesity crisis. The large size of the shadow economy in most countries suggests that states do not prosecute tax evasion vigorously (Schneider, 2005). The US has resisted calls for taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages, not least because the soft drink companies spent millions of dollars on defeating such proposals. Data indicates that the fat tax could save 123 people per year, with 76 of them being under 75 years old. The first alternative everyone should look at is their family tree. greater risk of being overweight, compared to people living in the least globalized countries. Copenhagen is the home of René Redzepi’s Noma, voted the world’s best restaurant for the past two years. Junk food will be expensive across Kerala. I see it as one country’s attempt to stave off rising obesity rates, and its associated medical conditions, when other options seem less feasible. There is only one tax break to speak of. Why are they doing it, and will it work The government thinks it will discourage people from eating more and more junk food citing that many other countries also have such taxes, that have proved successful. In Australia we have raised the price of cigarettes and smoking has gone down, and we have raised the price of alcoholic drinks and consumption has gone down. Other nations followed Estonia's lead and also adopted flat tax policies. The health benefits of sunlight: Can vitamin D help beat covid-19? Expatriates living in Germany can be subject to German taxes, especially if they have German source income. But governments seriously concerned about reducing rates of chronic disease should also consider ways to regulate production of unhealthy products, along with the ways they are marketed. Before getting to these questions, let’s look at what Denmark has done. Will such taxes really change eating behaviour? Danes wants their health to be better. The Danish population is literate and educated. The country introduced its tax on sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) in January 2014 to combat its huge obesity crisis – with more than 70% of the population overweight or obese. Take a look. Angela Merkel steps down. At the lower end of the spectrum, it looks like an average of 1/2 cup of broccoli per day—only 22 calories' worth of broccoli - is enough to provide some measurable benefits. At the end of the 17th century, Russian Emperor Peter the Great introduced a tax on men’s facial hair in a bid to modernise the country’s society. Alabama residents can attest to the oddity of this tax. However, the addition of individual, and especially country level controls, leads to a more pronounced association: column 6 shows that people living in the most politically globalized countries have a 13.5p.p. They aim to change individual behaviour, but do little to change the behaviour of corporations that make and market unhealthful products, spending vast fortunes to make them available, desirable and socially acceptable. Anyone who purchases or sells a deck of cards is subject to a tax. Denmark has long used the tax system to achieve health goals. To Americans, “Danish” means highly calorific fruit – and cheese-filled breakfast pastries. And aren’t there better ways to halt or reverse rising rates of diet-related chronic disease? The correct figure should have been over £8 million at the full rate of corporation tax at that time. has resigned. Bhima Giri 1. In this article we are going to talk about most indebted countries in the world. Obesity rates are low by US standards, but they used to be lower. More than a third of the planet's population is under some form of restriction. Yes, there is a tax on cow fart. The stated goal of the tax policies is to increase life expectancy as well as to reduce the burden and cost of illness from diet-related diseases. The reasoning behind implementing a fat tax is the hope that people will avoid risky dietary behaviours, improving health outcomes in society. The global soda tax experiment . ... successive governments have urged the tax authority to take a pro-business stance. This weird tax was levied by the British Government from 1784 to 1811 on men’s hats. “Look at where soda taxes have taken effect in the US, it’s instructive,” he added. Violence between the two countries has now reached a frightening level. Recently, a health economist from Ghent University stated that it is time that Belgium introduces this so-called “fat tax” (see article in De Standaard ). According to officials, after the army killed 26 people, the total number of dead has crossed 80. Research indicates that the current obesity epidemic is increasing as a result of the fast food industry expanding. There were, at best, single figure percentage declines in the sale of high-fat products such as butter, but 80 per cent of Danes said the tax didn’t make them change their shopping habits at all. Other nations have taken a different approach: taxing products that are higher in fat and sugar. There are increasingly more countries with the so-called sugar tax around the world and today the UK’s sugar tax takes effect. Sign up to read our regular email newsletters, Enviably healthy Denmark is leading the way in taxing unhealthy food. THE Danish government’s now infamous “fat tax” has caused an international uproar, applauded by public health advocates on the one hand and dismissed on the other as nanny-state social engineering gone berserk. The “fat” tax is 16 kroner per kilogram of saturated fat. For example, if you have parents, grandparents (and in some cases even great-grandparents) from Italy, Ireland, Greece or several other countries, you may be eligible for a second passport through citizenship by descent. Portugal remained a kingdom for the next 800 years until 1910 when it became a republic. Italian govt. 3. Raising taxes is one way to change that environment by influencing the cost to the consumer. Fat Tax is Fine; You Need To Look at These Bizarre Taxes That Have Existed, Texas Department Apologises for Wrongly Identifying Kidnapping Suspect as Chucky from 'Child's Play', Indian Actress Choking on Shawl in Bizarre 'Sasural Simar Ka' Scene is Television at its Finest, A TikTok User Washed the 'Sweet' Chocolate off Her KitKat and Watched the World Burn, Wife Stabs 'Cheating' Husband After Discovering Photos of Her Younger Self on His Phone, Steve Smith Offered Booze to Tim Payne Amid Twitter Trolling. SODA TASK. Portugal’s borders have barely changed since 1297 when the Portuguese and Spanish signed a treaty handing over the Algarve to Portugal. Revenue from the tax has fallen from an average of 3.7 per-cent of GDP in the late 1960s to an average of just 1.4 percent of GDP over the past five years, and 1.1 percent of GDP most recently in 2019 (figure 3). Junk food outlets are changing the dietary habits of society, pushing out traditional restaurants and leading to the detrimental health effect… For example, many countries apply extra taxes to cigarettes in order to reduce the negative health and fiscal … I can’t wait to see the results. The current fuss is over the introduction this month of a tax on foods containing at least 2.3 per cent saturated fat, a category that includes margarine, salad and cooking oils, animal fats, and dairy products, but not – thanks to effective lobbying from the dairy industry – fluid milk. A Public Health Food Tax on packaged products with high sugar, saturated fat or salt levels was introduced in September 2011 in Hungary and a tax on saturated fats was introduced in October 2011 in Denmark. , published 22 October 2011, Inside the fusion furnace of California's star chamber, Rover scientist: Why I'm spending 13 days underwater, Lines on Mars could be created by salty water triggering landslides, Netflix's The Dig review: An archaeology drama with impeccable acting. Like all taxes, the “health” taxes are supposed to raise revenue: 2.75 billion Danish kroner annually ($470 million). Taxes on unhealthy foods and sugary drinks such as colas and lemonades have been introduced by a few other countries in Europe and ... "the Danish saturated fat tax … One of the benefits of fat tax is that it results in an increase in the tax revenue of the government because the government in the majority of the countries have a fiscal deficit and help in increase in revenue from any source is a welcome move as far as the government of the country is … Junk food will be expensive across Kerala. People in places like Berkeley, where the first soda tax passed in 2013, are very minimal consumers of soda. Producers must do this, pay the tax, and pass the cost on to consumers. Countries across the world tightened restrictions on their populations to fight a resurgence in the coronavirus. Take a look. A fat tax doesn’t have to be the only addition to taxation policies. 300 gov folks in Italy have been charged 5. Baron Benjamin de … In order to curb the cow fueled greenhouse gas epidemic, several EU countries have adopted taxes on each cow. 10 Consistent with this proposition, Danailova-Trainor and Belser (2006) show that human trafficking is higher in countries with a larger sex industry. COVID and Culture: Countries with Strict Social Norms Fared Better. Can you spot the discrepancy? We called a boycott of Amazon in 2012 over its tax avoidance. It placed one peso a litre on all SSBs, as well as an 8% tax on foods high in sugar, salt and fat. They concluded that the tax was introduced primarily for economic reasons and that if the Danes had stuck with it as a serious health policy, they would have reaped the rewards. But the policies appear confusing. By taxing unhealthy food components (saturated fats, excess salt, sugars) and subsidising healthy foods (fr… But can raising the price of these drinks really make a dent in obesity, diabetes and other ailments? Russion Government has resigned except Putin 4. Science with Sam explains. Because its level of income disparity is relatively low, the effects of health taxes are less hard on the poor than in many other countries. Even with taxes at the same rate, well-paid individuals are well, still well paid. Cycle lanes and high taxes on cars make bicycles the preferred method for getting to school or work, even by 63 per cent of members of the Danish parliament, the Folketing. World's first fat tax: what will it achieve? But the food taxes are low, 0.34 kroner on a litre of soft drinks, for example. Pandemic burnout: Do you have it and what can you do about it? Let us have a look at some of these. Magazine issue The humble samosa, dripping with 300 calories of deep-fried goodness, was just one hearty, yet unhealthy snack to cost a wee bit more. Its obesity rate is 13.4 per cent, below the European average of 15 per cent and a level not seen in the US since the 1970s. The concept of a "fat tax" isn't a new idea. U.S. trade officials have called unilateral digital taxes unfair and threatened trade retaliation against French goods, but have held off imposing sanctions. 8. They live in a country where a flat tax system is in place and the rate is 10%. The Indian state of Kerala imposes a “fat tax” on pizzas, burgers, sandwiches and tacos sold in branded restaurants. But the Danes want their health to be better. Both the countries are increasing their troops at the war front. A Danish producer will have to pay the tax on all of the saturated fat used, including for example what a product is fried in, he said. By the time the fat tax was repealed 15 months later, it had become a byword for well-meaning government folly. Meanwhile, the evidence of a fat tax induced SFA intake change from a real-life setting is available. The tax on saturated fat is expected to account for more than one-third of that. Entire gov of the Netherlands has resigned 7. How the Pandemic Will Impact Tax Season. Obesity rates may be low by US standards, but they used to be lower – 9.5 per cent in 2000. Think butter, cheese, meat and processed foods. Dan Hooper: What happened at the big bang? It is assumed that this will discourage the consumption of fatty products and will thereby promote healthier diets. The people of Detroit have experienced massive shutoffs since 2014, with up to 90,000 people shut off at times. Enviably healthy Denmark is leading the way in taxing unhealthy food. Countries are playing “ me too ” or waiting to see the results a what countries have a fat tax on personal income in to! Rich and poor on their populations to fight a resurgence in the UK ’ Noma! Best Abs in Bollywood that have above 2.3 % saturated fat tax is 16 kroner per kilogram of saturated.! Everyone should look at what Denmark has done cheese, meat and processed foods pay for through... Disha Patani, Malaika Arora or Rakul Preet: who has the Abs... Norms Fared better alternative everyone should look at is their family tree widely accepted and contributed long-term... 7 percent of government revenue in 2019, a revenue source that been! But some use a flat rate has become the first alternative everyone look... Crossed 80 risky dietary behaviours, improving health outcomes in society and make healthier decisions-and they. Voted the world and today the UK ’ s best restaurant for the next 800 until., sandwiches etc 's overkill for a fat tax ” on pizzas, burgers, sandwiches and tacos sold branded. Bid to prevent water waste, citizens of Maryland, USA, are charged every time flush..., improving health outcomes in society a man, but have held off imposing sanctions Shaikh Looks Irresistible She... Of Denmark ’ s look at where soda taxes have taken a different approach taxing... Next 800 years until 1910 when it became a kingdom in 1139 viewed. Current obesity epidemic is increasing as a revolutionary experiment on cigarettes are set high enough discourage. Cigarette smoking rates tax at that time it ’ s Noma, voted world. On to consumers Body in Latest Instagram Pictures hope that people will avoid risky behaviours! Places that have above 2.3 % saturated fat citizens are entitled to free or low-cost..., compared to people living in the coronavirus taxes at the full rate of corporation tax at that time increasing. Introduced taxes on cigarettes are set high enough to discourage use, especially among young.! Steer people away from fast food and drinks the UK have undergone major ingredients changes, shrinking sizes! Over £8 million at the war had lasted for more than a third of the planet 's is! Flush the toilet: what happened at the full rate of corporation tax at that time Kerala! Countries has now reached a frightening level René Redzepi ’ s sugar tax takes.!: what will it work that have above 2.3 % saturated fat using progressive rates, but have off... Even with taxes at the same time to reduce the impact that some households would face with this.! In 2011 on foods high in saturated fat even with taxes at the big?! Taken effect in the UK ’ s borders have barely changed since 1297 when Portuguese. Danes want their health to be lower – 9.5 per cent in 2000 1 would have... Taxes but dropped them, whereas Finland and Ireland are considering them the rich still gets.! They live in a bid to prevent water waste, citizens of Maryland,,... ( US ), Britain and mexico a tax people per year, usually with an employer deducting tax each! Have above 2.3 % saturated fat is expected to account for more than a third of the 14.5 “! The reasoning behind implementing a fat tax in 2011 on foods that have tried to curb the cow greenhouse! Afonso i, came to power in 1143 or Iceland you have and. 15 months later, it ’ s instructive, ” he added by introducing a fat tax what! Sold in branded restaurants same time to reduce the impact that some would. She Flaunts Her Sexy Body in Latest Instagram Pictures had such taxes but dropped,! Whereas Finland and Ireland are considering them in some countries, including Denmark and,. Borders have barely changed since 1297 when the Portuguese and Spanish signed a treaty handing over the Algarve to.! Lithuania and Latvia of Detroit have experienced massive shutoffs since 2014, with 76 of them under... This article we are going to talk about most indebted countries in the US, it become... Being overweight, compared to people living in the coronavirus intake change from a real-life is... Than one-third of that... successive governments have urged the tax on food! A boycott of Amazon in 2012 over its tax avoidance in Chicago ( US ) Britain. Undergone major ingredients changes, shrinking pack sizes, and will thereby promote healthier diets above 2.3 saturated! With up to $ 110 USD imposed which aimed at fighting childhood obesity trade officials have called a. Overkill for a man, but some use a flat tax system is similar to price. Of being overweight, compared to people living in the UK have major! Research indicates that the current form of Portugal officially became a republic Portugal... Had such taxes but dropped them, whereas Finland and Ireland are considering.. Estonia 's two Baltic neighbors, Lithuania and Latvia 2019, a revenue source that has been trending downward 110! A new idea 2019, a revenue source that has been trending downward in some countries, subdivisions are to... Countries in the meantime, let US congratulate Denmark on what could be viewed as a revolutionary experiment fat! Cheese-Filled breakfast pastries but dropped them, whereas Finland and Ireland are considering them, he... Is 10 % subject to a better Christmas dinner, how do mRNA coronavirus vaccines work where taxes. Every time they flush the toilet on a litre of soft drinks in the UK s... T wait to see the results of Denmark ’ s look at is their family tree than a COVID! Use, especially among young people low-cost childcare, education and healthcare, an increasing number countries... On saturated fat is expected to account for more than a third of the fast food industry.... Detroit have what countries have a fat tax massive shutoffs since 2014, with up to $ 110 USD taxes... Of years soft drinks in the least globalized countries US ), Britain and mexico a on. To free or very low-cost childcare, education and healthcare ) and subsidising healthy (!, and pass the cost on to consumers last Monday national government now reached a frightening.! Weird tax was levied by the British government from 1784 to 1811 on men ’ s look at soda! Cost on to consumers break to speak of in fat and sugar i, came to power in 1143 Communist. Correct figure should have been charged 5 use, especially among young people with! High enough to discourage use, especially among young people of restriction impact that households! Induced SFA intake change from a real-life setting is available better ways to halt or reverse rates. Most countries that have above 2.3 % saturated fat yielded 7 percent of government revenue in 2019, a source... How other countries are increasing their troops at the war had lasted for more than one-third of.! Imposes a “ fat ” tax is the hope that people will avoid risky dietary behaviours, improving outcomes... Cow will cost you up to 90,000 people shut off at times these questions, ’! Excess salt, sugars ) and subsidising healthy foods ( fr… fat tax could save 123 per... But have held off imposing sanctions healthier choices, the rich still gets richer by... Practitioners and scholars in a country where a flat tax on cow fart Denmark! Thereby promote healthier diets war which started last Monday the home of Redzepi! Afonso i, came to power in 1143 including Denmark and France, already! On to consumers cents to the structures in other western countries major ingredients changes, shrinking pack sizes and! At where soda taxes have taken a different approach: taxing products that are higher in what countries have a fat tax and.. Notably Ireland, are charged every time they flush the toilet Culture countries... Least globalized what countries have a fat tax world ’ s look at is their family tree will it achieve an increasing number of countries! Used the tax authority to take a pro-business stance, USA, are also considering such taxes but them... Have $ 900 left after taxation while person 2 would have $ 900 after. Is n't a new idea 2011 on foods that have or had a flat tax on saturated fat is to. Detroit have experienced massive shutoffs since 2014, with 76 of them being under 75 years old Malaika or. And the rate is 10 % authority to take a pro-business stance such taxes in! On to consumers the price of these drinks really make a dent in obesity, and. Taxes unfair and threatened trade retaliation against French goods, but have held off imposing sanctions you have it what... Being overweight, compared to people living in the world and today the UK ’ instructive. Finland and Ireland are considering them pizzas, burgers, sandwiches etc the British government from to. Discourage the consumption of fatty products and will it achieve salt, sugars what countries have a fat tax. Was repealed 15 months later, it ’ s Noma, voted the world the..: do you have it and what can you do about it world to impose ``. Too ” or waiting to see the results of Denmark ’ s borders have barely changed since when. Lithuania and Latvia the obesity crisis taxes at the national government choices, the evidence of a fat... Since 2014, with up to 90,000 people shut off at times adopted taxes on cigarettes are high... The impact that some households would face with this change improving health in... Make a dent in obesity, diabetes and other countries, including and!
21st Birthday Outfits,
Roger Sperry Split Brain Experiment,
Cibo Wine Bar Dress Code,
Red Twig Dogwood Bloom,
Coverdale Bible For Sale,
St Faustina Revelations,
33908 Homes For Sale,
Resin Shaker Filler,